DNA mismatch repair is the mechanism of repairing DNA by the removal of mismatched nucleotides via MMR proteins. The role of mismatch repair proteins in the prokaryotic DNA helped to study the mismatch repair system in the eukaryotic DNA as well. The mismatch repair system is essential as it maintains the stability of the genome …
The electron transport system is present in the inner mitochondrial membrane of mitochondria. It also refers as “Electron transport chain” and “ETS” in abbreviated form. ETS involves a transfer of electrons through a series of protein complexes from higher (NADH+) to lower energy state (O2), by releasing protons into the cytosol. The movement of a …
The bilayer cell membrane is a membranous structure, which consists of two phospholipid layer. Thus, a cell membrane also refers to as a phospholipid bilayer membrane. A cell membrane is composed of many phospholipid molecules. A structure of a phospholipid molecule consists of hydrophilic head, a phosphate molecule, a glycerol molecule and two hydrophobic fatty …
Clostridium botulinum is clinically significant bacteria, which cause a very rare but a severe disease called “Botulism”. It produces a particular type of exotoxin that affects the nervous system by inhibiting the activity of neuromuscular junction. The botulinum toxin thus behaves as a neurotoxin that blocks the release of a neurotransmitter refers as “Acetylcholine”. Acetylcholine …
Botulism disease is caused by a bacterial agent (Clostridium botulinum) which produces an exotoxin. Clostridium botulinum causes bacterial food poisoning or intoxication by the release of exotoxin. Exotoxin acts as a neurotoxin that disables the normal functioning of the nervous system. Thus, an exotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum refers as a Botulinum neurotoxin, which blocks the …
Acid-fast staining was first introduced by a scientist named Paul Ehrlich in the year 1882. Later, this method was modified by Ziehl and Neelson in the year 1883. Thus, acid-fast staining sometimes refers to Ziehl and Neelson staining. It is a type of differential staining method, which is used to distinguish between the acid-fast and …
Photoreactivation repair is the DNA repair system, which corrects the damage (caused by UV-C and UV-B light radiations) with the aid of photolyase enzyme under the exposure to the visible light. The first evidence for the Photoreactivation was given by the two scientists, namely Hausser and Von Oehmcke, in the year 1933. Hausser and Von …
Excision repair is one of the types of DNA repair systems, which is an enzymatic process and follows a cut, copy and paste mechanism. A cutting mechanism involves, removal of the damaged part or unusual bases by the specific enzymes like glycosylases and helicases. Then a copying mechanism consists of an enzyme DNA-polymerase I, uses …
Gynoecium also refers as “Carpel” or “Pistil” which primarily consist of three structures, namely stigma, style and ovary. It is the female reproductive part of the flower which carries the female gametes or ovules within an ovary. On the base of the gynoecium, pedicle or thalamus is present which provides support to the female reproductive …
Different forms of DNA generally exists in three common types, represented as B, A and Z forms. Inspite of B, A and Z forms, a DNA also exists as A, C and E forms which are not very common. Thus, a DNA can exist in different six forms either in a left or right-handed fashion, …