The micropropagation technique is an in-vitro plant tissue culture method that can prepare many clones from the small tissue of the stock plant. It is now the most preferred method over the traditional techniques of vegetative propagation. A botanist Frederick Campion Steward first introduced the process of micropropagation. Micropropagation also gives rise to genetically modified plants …
The emulsion is a word that originated from the Latin word “Mulgeo”, which means “To milk”. Milk is the best example of emulsion, consisting of biphasic liquid systems containing both fat and water. The emulsion can define as the colloidal system, which includes two or more phases of immiscible liquids. In the emulsification process, one …
Haemoglobin or Hb is an iron transport metalloprotein. It refers as “Metalloprotein” as it contains four iron metal ions or haem (Iron-containing porphyrin) groups and globular protein. Haemoglobin appears red coloured. Almost all vertebrates and tissues of a few invertebrates contain haemoglobin in their RBCs. Other than RBCs, haemoglobin is also present in macrophages, alveolar …
Gelatin hydrolysis test is the presumptive test method to distinguish between the gelatin hydrolysing and non-hydrolysing organisms. An exoenzyme, “Gelatinase” catalyse the hydrolysis of gelatin. Gelatin hydrolysing bacteria will produce gelatinase enzyme to split the protein component of the media into simpler amino acids. Gelatin non-hydrolysing bacteria do not produce gelatinase enzyme, which in turn …
Infection and immunity are the two inter-relatable terms, where the infection-causing organisms could hamper the person’s immunity. The relationship between causing infection-causing microorganisms and host can be saprophytic, parasitic and pathogenic. Infectious disease is a term that is usually interchangeable with the term “Infection”, but there is a slight difference between these two. Infection is …
Fat-soluble vitamin includes vitamin A, D, E and K that are released, absorbed and transported with fat in our diet. All the fat-soluble vitamins are isoprenoids as they are produced by the condensation of four isoprene units. The deficiency and over intake of these vitamins can cause serious health problems and toxicity in our body. …
The production of bioethanol is a technique of carbohydrate fermentation by using starch and cellulosic substrates through microbial activity. Substrates like corn, wheat, reed canary grasses etc., are used as a source of carbohydrate in the production of bioethanol. Bioethanol is used as a substitute for fossil fuels. Currently, bioethanol is used as an additive …
Fraenkel Conrat experiment was based on the evidence that RNA also carry genetic information. This was the very first experiment that was introduced to prove that RNA is also a genetic material with the help of TMV. Tobacco Mosaic Virus is composed of 6% of RNA (not DNA) and protein. Frankel-Conrat and co-workers determined that …
Haemagglutination is a kind of agglutination reaction that includes erythrocytes. The result is characterized by the agglutination or clumping of erythrocytes. Haemagglutination can be assayed in blood typing and viral quantification. The reason behind the haemagglutination reaction is the glycoproteins that cause RBCs to agglutinate and serves as “Hemagglutinins”. Antibodies and lectins are commonly known …
The difference between acids and bases is mainly due to the following factors:- pH value: Different compounds are having different pH values (1-14), depending upon their chemical nature. The compounds that are having pH less than seven are termed acidic substances, while the compounds that are having a pH of more than seven are termed …