Infection and immunity are the two inter-relatable terms, where the infection-causing organisms could hamper the person’s immunity. The relationship between causing infection-causing microorganisms and host can be saprophytic, parasitic and pathogenic. Infectious disease is a term that is usually interchangeable with the term “Infection”, but there is a slight difference between these two. Infection is …
Fat-soluble vitamin includes vitamin A, D, E and K that are released, absorbed and transported with fat in our diet. All the fat-soluble vitamins are isoprenoids as they are produced by the condensation of four isoprene units. The deficiency and over intake of these vitamins can cause serious health problems and toxicity in our body. …
The production of bioethanol is a technique of carbohydrate fermentation by using starch and cellulosic substrates through microbial activity. Substrates like corn, wheat, reed canary grasses etc., are used as a source of carbohydrate in the production of bioethanol. Bioethanol is used as a substitute for fossil fuels. Currently, bioethanol is used as an additive …
Fraenkel Conrat experiment was based on the evidence that RNA also carry genetic information. This was the very first experiment that was introduced to prove that RNA is also a genetic material with the help of TMV. Tobacco Mosaic Virus is composed of 6% of RNA (not DNA) and protein. Frankel-Conrat and co-workers determined that …
Haemagglutination is a kind of agglutination reaction that includes erythrocytes. The result is characterized by the agglutination or clumping of erythrocytes. Haemagglutination can be assayed in blood typing and viral quantification. The reason behind the haemagglutination reaction is the glycoproteins that cause RBCs to agglutinate and serves as “Hemagglutinins”. Antibodies and lectins are commonly known …
The difference between acids and bases is mainly due to the following factors:- pH value: Different compounds are having different pH values (1-14), depending upon their chemical nature. The compounds that are having pH less than seven are termed acidic substances, while the compounds that are having a pH of more than seven are termed …
Biosphere reserves are one of the methods of in-situ biodiversity conservation, which are the largest protected area covering more than 5000 sq. km. These cover more land area than the other methods (National parks and wildlife sanctuaries) of the in-situ biodiversity conversation. They are also termed “Biodiversity reserves“. It conserves biodiversity by protecting plant, animal …
Nutrition in bacteria is primarily categorized into two major groups, namely autotrophic and heterotrophic. Classification of bacteria in terms of nutritional requirement typically depends on the energy sources, whether in the form of light or chemical energy. Some bacteria obtain energy directly from the sunlight. However, a few bacteria get chemical energy by utilizing inorganic …
The pH scale is a measurement of the acidic or basic behaviour of the aqueous solution. It clearly denotes the compounds as acidic and basic, when these have pH between 0-6 and 8-14, respectively. A pH scale is an important tool for differentiating the acidic and alkaline products, depending on the colour change that varies …
Plant Growth Regulators are the chemicals derived naturally by the plants, which function is to regulate the length and thickness of plants. PGRs are molecules that can influence or inhibit plant growth. It is also called “Phytophormones” that are generally active at very low concentrations. The PGRs are sometimes referred to as a natural regulator, …