Regeneration in plants can define as a standard method in the field of biotechnology, where the small section of tissue or explant can develop into a complete plant under in-vitro conditions. It also depends upon the concentration of plant regulatory hormones like auxin, cytokinin, gibberellins etc. where some may influence, or others may inhibit the …
Lymphocytes are the type of white blood cells, which belongs to the lymphoid lineage and differs from the other blood cells originate from the myeloid lineage. It is named, because of its dominance in the secondary lymphoid tissue “lymph”. Its normal range is about 20-40% of the total WBCs. Lymphocyte resides in an agranular, mononuclear …
Interferons are the antiviral proteins that inhibit both the transcription and translation of the viral genome. It was first studied by the two scientists named Isaac and Lindenmann in the year 1957, while they experimented on the chick chorioallantoic membrane fragments with the live influenza virus. On experiment, Isaac and Lindenmann found that the interaction …
The micropropagation technique is an in-vitro plant tissue culture method that can prepare many clones from the small tissue of the stock plant. It is now the most preferred method over the traditional techniques of vegetative propagation. A botanist Frederick Campion Steward first introduced the process of micropropagation. Micropropagation also gives rise to genetically modified plants …
The production of bioethanol is a technique of carbohydrate fermentation by using starch and cellulosic substrates through microbial activity. Substrates like corn, wheat, reed canary grasses etc., are used as a source of carbohydrate in the production of bioethanol. Bioethanol is used as a substitute for fossil fuels. Currently, bioethanol is used as an additive …
Traditional water purification methods are prominently used in rural communities worldwide. Traditional ways to purify water include some rudimentary methods to remove impurities. Long years ago, people utilized the available resources like sand, cloth, stone etc. to purify water. Those basic methods only make the water quality acceptable for drinking purposes. But, somewhere these old …
The difference between agarose and polyacrylamide gel relies upon factors like origin and molecular complexity. Both gels help in biomolecular separation, due to their porous nature. We can separate, identify and purify different biomolecules using agarose and polyacrylamide gels. 1. Origin: Agarose is a natural polymer extracted from several red seaweeds. So, it is a …
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Chlorination is a disinfection method used in the wastewater treatment plant. It helps in the destruction of microorganisms from the running wastewater. Microorganisms can be pathogenic or non-pathogenic. Wastewater contains pathogenic enteric microorganisms that impose severe health problems. Typhoid, cholera, dysentery etc., are common waterborne illnesses. And wastewater treatment aims to reduce the possibility of …
Preliminary treatment of wastewater refers to the pretreatment of raw sewage. Its main task is to eliminate the coarse and large suspended substances from the raw sewage. The suspended materials include floating solids, rags, grits, oil and grease. The collected raw sewage from the sewerage is pumped to the preliminary setup. And after pretreatment, primary, …
Microprojectile bombardment is also called particle acceleration or gene gun delivery. It is one of the efficient physical methods of gene transfer in plants. Besides plants, it can also transfer genes to mammalian cells and microorganisms. It is a direct method of transferring the gene of interest to target cells. By employing this method, we …