The production of bioethanol is a technique of carbohydrate fermentation by using starch and cellulosic substrates through microbial activity. Substrates like corn, wheat, reed canary grasses etc., are used as a source of carbohydrate in the production of bioethanol. Bioethanol is used as a substitute for fossil fuels. Currently, bioethanol is used as an additive …
Traditional water purification methods are prominently used in rural communities worldwide. Traditional ways to purify water include some rudimentary methods to remove impurities. Long years ago, people utilized the available resources like sand, cloth, stone etc. to purify water. Those basic methods only make the water quality acceptable for drinking purposes. But, somewhere these old …
The difference between agarose and polyacrylamide gel relies upon factors like origin and molecular complexity. Both gels help in biomolecular separation, due to their porous nature. We can separate, identify and purify different biomolecules using agarose and polyacrylamide gels. 1. Origin: Agarose is a natural polymer extracted from several red seaweeds. So, it is a …
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Chlorination is a disinfection method used in the wastewater treatment plant. It helps in the destruction of microorganisms from the running wastewater. Microorganisms can be pathogenic or non-pathogenic. Wastewater contains pathogenic enteric microorganisms that impose severe health problems. Typhoid, cholera, dysentery etc., are common waterborne illnesses. And wastewater treatment aims to reduce the possibility of …
Preliminary treatment of wastewater refers to the pretreatment of raw sewage. Its main task is to eliminate the coarse and large suspended substances from the raw sewage. The suspended materials include floating solids, rags, grits, oil and grease. The collected raw sewage from the sewerage is pumped to the preliminary setup. And after pretreatment, primary, …
Microprojectile bombardment is also called particle acceleration or gene gun delivery. It is one of the efficient physical methods of gene transfer in plants. Besides plants, it can also transfer genes to mammalian cells and microorganisms. It is a direct method of transferring the gene of interest to target cells. By employing this method, we …
The RBC count method comes under haemocytometry, which quantitatively measures the number of RBCs in a blood sample. Haemocytometer or Neubauer’s chamber slide is a manual method to count RBCs. Nowadays, more accurate or automated devices have been developed like electrometric and photometric counters that can count the cell constituents of the blood sample. It …
Genetic codons are the gene sequences which encodes specific amino acids that polymerize to form proteins. DNA is the heritable material that serves as a source of the hereditary unit, which transfers genetic information from one to the next generations. Therefore, in a cell, DNA is a director that mediates the synthesis of proteins. A …
The difference between cofactor and coenzyme is mainly characterized based on chemical nature and function. Cofactors constitute a large group of helper molecules (inorganic or organic). Conversely, cofactors are small organic molecules. Coenzymes significantly act as carrier materials to convert the inactive protein (the apoenzyme) into the active form (holoenzyme). In contrast, cofactors serve as …
Biofertilizer production is necessary for the agricultural lands that have been deprived of soil minerals and nutrients essential for plant growth and development. Thus, soil minerals are required for the plant’s growth. But, due to the excessive burden on agricultural land by the increasing population, the land area for farming is limited. Thus, it becomes …