Membrane proteins are the binding proteins that mediate the conduction of ions or molecules into and out of the cell membrane. Integral, peripheral and lipid-anchored are the three typical membrane proteins. The membrane protein is the principal constituent of the cell membrane that contributes to the plasma membrane structure. The union of membrane proteins and …
The spectrophotometer measures the absorption and spectral bandwidth of the given sample. Absorption is the logarithm of transmittance, i.e. Log (T), whereas transmittance is the portion of light moved through the sample. Transmittance refers to the ratio of light incidents on the test sample to the light transmits through the solution, i.e. IO/I. Spectral bandwidth …
Messenger RNA abbreviated as “m-RNA”, and it contains specific codons encoding particular amino acids, which later synthesize proteins (as amino acids are the monomer units of proteins). Protein is an element that is required to develop life forms, so a cell must translate specific proteins. Therefore, for proper growth and cell development, gene translation or …
The centrifugation method separates different components or the suspended particles from the homogenous solution through centrifugal force. A natural gravitational force can also concentrate particles but in an indefinite time. To increase particle separation efficiency, a centrifugal force function to separate particles by sedimentation property. It separates particles based on their physical properties like size, …
DNA generally exists in three common types (represented as B, A and Z forms). Besides B, A and Z forms, DNA may rarely exist as A, C and E forms. Therefore, DNA possesses six different forms that are either in a left or right-handed fashion, under appropriate physiological conditions. Inspite of the above six forms, DNA …
Actinomycetes belong to the group of prokaryotic, gram-positive bacteria those are having a filamentous structure. Its filamentous structure resembles the fungal mycelium, which consists of a highly dense and filamentous network. Due to the filamentous structure of actinomycetes, it is also termed as thread or ray bacteria. The cell wall and the internal structure of …
The production of streptomycin requires the stock culture of Streptomyces griseus, proper nutrient medium and the other growth-promoting substances. Streptomycin is an antibiotic that shows a broad spectrum against the gram-negative bacteria and is the first antibiotic to cure TB. In 19th October 1943, a scientist Albert Schatz from the Rutgers University was the first …
A restriction enzyme is produced within the bacterial cell due to which it is also called “Restriction endonuclease”. In 1978, Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O Smith won the Nobel Prize for the characterization and discovery of restriction enzyme during the study of Entero-bacteriophage. According to their study, the bacteria possess some restriction activity that …
Dot blot technique is a method of identifying DNA, RNA and Protein in the sample. It is the simplified form of Southern, Northern and Western blotting for DNA, RNA, and protein isolation, respectively. This method can detect the presence or absence of biomolecule in a single run. Dot blot technique is a prevalent method in …
Southern hybridization is the technique, first given by the scientist E. M. Southern in 1975. It is a type of blotting method that involves transferring the DNA from the solid agarose gel to the adsorbent medium like nitrocellulose or nylon filter paper. Southern blotting is done after DNA hybridization. The target DNA is first cleaved …