Penicillium is a genus consisting of a group of fungi, which include 354 accepted species. Some Penicillium species are considered doctor fungus as some of the members produce antibiotics, which can inhibit the growth of certain bacteria. Penicillium species are ubiquitous, where many produce potential mycotoxins, few produce medically useful antibiotics, and some are important …
The difference between water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins is primarily due to the difference in absorption and excretion rates inside a body. Water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins are the two major classes or groups of vitamins required to maintain good health. Absorption: Water-soluble vitamins are readily absorbed in the small intestine, while fat-soluble vitamins are first absorbed …
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Neurotransmitters refer to the chemical messenger molecules, which contain amino acids, amines, purines and neuropeptides. Its activity may trigger or restrict nerve impulse production. Its synthesis occurs endogenously by the presynaptic neuron. Neurotransmitters release out upon membrane stimulation. They ensure neurotransmission by transmitting an action potential beyond the chemical synapse. Our nervous system uses neurotransmitters …
Synapse is a term pioneered by Charles S. Sherrington in 1897. It is derived from the Greek word “Synapsis”, which means to conjugate or clasp. The communication between the neurons is through synapses only, which facilitate nerve signal transmission from one to the next cell. A scientist named Sanford Palay observed the ultrastructure of neural …
Nerve impulse refers to the generation of action membrane potential beyond the cell membrane in response to the stimulus. “Nerve impulse conduction” refers to the propagation of nerve impulse that occurs due to a change in membrane potential beyond the cell membrane. When a nerve impulse or action potential reaches the axon terminal, synaptic transmission …
Neurons are the fundamental components of the nervous system that perform a specific task by receiving, conducting, and transmitting the signal or action potential to the other parts of the body. An electrical signal produced by the neurons is called a Nerve impulse that propagates via continuous and saltatory conduction. The term neuron is sometimes …
Sclerenchyma tissue refers to one of the types of ground or simple permanent tissues, which possesses both primary and stiff secondary wall. They exist as rigid woody cell with a compact arrangement. Sclerenchyma tissues aid cell integrity and conduction instead of being a dead cell. During the plant’s secondary, the sclerenchyma cells attain maturity and …
A motility test refers to the biochemical or microscopic examination of an organism that checks the existence of cellular motility. By performing this test, we could differentiate the two major groups of bacteria, namely motile and non-motile, based on their cellular movement. Few organisms are motile, and some are non-motile. Still, all living organisms tend …
The spectrophotometer measures the absorption and spectral bandwidth of the given sample. Absorption is the logarithm of transmittance, i.e. Log (T), whereas transmittance is the portion of light moved through the sample. Transmittance refers to the ratio of light incidents on the test sample to the light transmits through the solution, i.e. IO/I. Spectral bandwidth …
Gluconeogenesis occurs in a reverse manner of glycolysis, which produces glucose by the precursors like pyruvate, lactate, glucogenic amino acids. It is sometimes called Neoglucogenesis. It is a ubiquitous or universal pathway, which occurs in humans, animals, plants, fungi and other living organisms. Gluconeogenesis has only three irreversible steps opposite the glycolysis pathway, while the …