The life cycle of adenovirus has different stages like attachment, internalization, uncoating, replication, biosynthesis, assembly and release of viral progenies. After lysing the host cell, they infect new cells and cause infections either for the short term or long term. Adenovirus mainly causes four kinds of infection like a productive, abortive, latent and oncogenic infection. …
Adenovirus is a type of DNA virus, which appears medium-sized, non-enveloped and double-stranded. Adenovirus named after its isolation from the human adenoid tissue. It was first introduced by a scientist named Rowe, who cultured and isolated adenovirus via plasma tissue culturing. This group of virus can infect human, animals and birds. Adenovirus can cause various …
A complement fixation test is a serological assay used to detect antibody or antigen in the patient’s serum by using a complement. A complement participates in the immunological reaction and particularly binds with the antibody. Without antibodies, a complement may lyse the erythrocytes. A complement fixation test is a very complex process, which requires five …
Spoilage of fish is a process of deterioration in the quality of fish, which changes its appearance, odour and taste. The breakdown of biomolecules like proteins, amino acids and fats in the fish are the factors responsible for fish spoilage. Thus, a fish can be spoiled by either chemical or biological degradation. In chemical degradation, …
Actinomycetes belong to the group of prokaryotic, gram-positive bacteria those are having a filamentous structure. Its filamentous structure resembles the fungal mycelium, which consists of a highly dense and filamentous network. Due to the filamentous structure of actinomycetes, it is also termed as thread or ray bacteria. The cell wall and the internal structure of …
Endospore staining is a type of special staining method, which makes use of differential staining procedure to highlight the presence or absence of endospores. For the staining of endospores, the first article was published by Dorner in the year 1922. Later, the Dorner method of staining endospores has been modified by two scientists, Schaeffar and …
Capsule staining is one of the staining methods, which creates contrast in the microscopic image either by staining bacterial cells and background or staining the capsule only. Therefore, capsule staining can be done by two methods, namely positive and negative staining methods. Positive staining method either stain a capsule only or stain both the capsule …
Bacterial shape and arrangement vary from species to species. Bacteria exist in many forms, but the most common types are bacilli, cocci and spirilla. Some bacteria are pleomorphic, i.e. they live in variable shapes. Bacteria are prokaryotic cells as they have a primitive nucleus, i.e. bacteria devoid of a nucleus and a nuclear membrane that …
Simple staining is one of the conventional staining techniques. From the name, it is quite clear that it is a very simple or direct staining method that uses a single stain only. The microorganisms are invisible to the naked eye, and to make them visible, staining is performed that gives divergence to a microscopic image. …
Riboflavin or Vitamin B-2 belongs to the Vitamin-B group, which are of eight kinds viz. vitamin B-1, B-2, B-3, B-5, B-6, B-7, B-9, B-12. It plays a crucial role in converting and breaking down protein, fats, and carbohydrates to produce energy. Vitamin B-2 converts complex carbohydrates, proteins and fat into simple sugar, amino acids and …