Acetic acid production refers to the production of acetic acid or vinegar through two steps modification via two different microorganisms. The first step involves the conversion of sugar into ethanol by the yeast (mainly Saccharomyces cerevisiae). In the second step, oxidation of ethanol into acetic acid takes place by the bacteria like Acetobacter, Gluconabacter sp. …
Production of citric acid is an industrial process that uses raw materials like substrates, citric acid growth-promoting microorganisms and enzymes etc. for the commercial production of citric acid. Generally, the commercial production of citric acid works out best by employing the fermentation method. Globally, there is around 7, 36,000 tonnes/year production of citric acid. The …
The difference between template and coding strand is mainly due to the following properties: directional polarity and function. Both template and coding strand are the two distinct strand of the double-stranded DNA, in which the former works as a base to transcribe mRNA, and the latter determines the correct base sequence of the mRNA. Directional …
A nucleotide is a compound, which can form a polynucleotide chain by the union of nitrogenous bases and sugar-phosphate group. Monomers of nucleotide units are connected via a covalent phosphodiester bond. Nitrogenous bases, i.e. purines and pyrimidine, are attached via weak hydrogen bonds. The bases link with a deoxyribose pentose sugar via an N-glycosidic bond. …
The bright-field microscopy produces an image with a coloured specimen having lightened background. Generally, the microorganisms do not absorb light, but the organisms can absorb the light after staining. The optical lens, i.e. condenser lens and the path of light coming from the light source illuminator produce a bright-field image with higher contrast and magnification. …
The continuous culture is an open cultivation process, in which the cell growth is maintained in the continuous mode of operations. It works as an open cultivation system, in which the fresh nutrient medium is continuously added into the culture vessel rather than recycling and reuse of the nutrients or substrate. There is an inlet pump …
The active site of an enzyme is the region, which shows the highest metabolic activity by catalysing the enzyme-substrate complex into the products. The active site is found deep inside the enzyme, which resembles a hole or small depression. An active site is a region combining the specific substrate molecule with the enzyme and thus …
Watson and Crick model of DNA provides one of the best ways to demonstrate the structure of double-helix DNA. A DNA is a polymer composed by the combination of several monomer units (deoxyribonucleotides) linked by the phosphodiester bond. In the discovery of DNA, many scientists have contextualized the structure of DNA, its components and composition …
Meselson and Stahl experiment gave the experimental evidence of DNA replication to be semi-conservative type. It was introduced by the Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl in the year 1958. Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl have used E.coli as the “Model organism” to explain the semiconservative mode of replication. There are three modes of replication introduced …
Hershey and Chase experiment give practical evidence in the year 1952 of DNA as genetic material using radioactive bacteriophage. Griffith also explained the transformation in bacteria and concluded that the protein factor imparts virulence to the rough strain, but it was not proved to be genetic material. Avery, Macleod and McCarthy further studied the Griffith …