Digestive glands in the human body play an important role in food digestion. These are associated with the alimentary canal to aid the process of digestion. The salivary gland, liver and pancreas are the accessory digestive glands. Gastric and intestinal glands are the digestive glands present in the lining of the stomach and small intestine. …
The structure of paramecium seems slipper-like. Paramecium comprises organelles common to eukaryotes. They contain specialized membrane-bound organelles and a well-defined nucleus. Besides that, they are unique in having contractile vacuoles, mouth pore and anal pore. Paramecium contains organelles necessary to sustain life, including growth, metabolism and reproduction. For the movement, they have small hair-like outgrowths …
The difference between amoeba and paramecium relies on locomotion. Amoeba moves and feeds with pseudopods or temporary extensions. Activation of microfilament polymerization propels the cell membrane, ensuing pseudopodia formation. Paramecium moves through short hair-like cilia. Many tiny hair-like cilia are present throughout the pellicle. Its number varies from species to species. Oral cilia surround the …
The separation of plant pigments by paper chromatography is an analysis of pigment molecules of the given plant. Chromatography refers to colour writing. This method separates molecules based on size, density and absorption capacity. Chromatography depends upon absorption and capillarity. The absorbent paper holds the substance by absorption. Capillarity pulls the substance up the absorbent …
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A Potometer experiment is performed to estimate the transpiration rate in different plants. A potometer is an apparatus used to determine the transpiration rate of the cut shoot at the desired time. It is also called a transpirometer. Using the potometer, we can record the readings of water uptaken by the cut shoot. There are …
Do you know how ferns reproduce? Well, ferns are seedless, flowerless vascular plants. But, they can undergo both asexual and sexual modes of reproduction. The majority of ferns undergo sexual reproduction through spores. If you look underside the ferns leaf, you will find a row of small spots, called sori. Such spots are visible in …
The rhizosphere and phyllosphere are the two plant regions, where various microbes inhabit. Besides air, water and soil, plants also provide natural habitats for microbial growth. Each part of the plant encompasses a variety of microorganisms. And, they may impose positive or harmful effects on the plant’s growth events. The rhizosphere is the region surrounding …
Retrogradation of starch is just opposite of the starch gelatinization. Here, the term retrogradation denotes the reversal mechanism. The gelation of starch contains disaggregated starch molecules. But, the disaggregated amylose and amylopectin chains realign during retrogradation of a starch gel. We could see the retrograde starch after a long-term cooling or storage of the starch …
Do you know how to dissect a flower? Or, have you ever taken a close look at the outside and inside of the flower? Well, to examine each floral part, we can perform flower dissection. Flowers are aesthetic to watch and add beauty to the world. They are colourful and scented, which makes them more …
Thymus dependent antigens are also called “T cell-dependent antigens” or “TD-Ags”. These are immunogens that induce antibody’s formation. It is one of the types of B-cell antigen. Naturally occurring antigens are T-cell dependent. Thymus dependent antigens are complex in nature. They are multideterminant antigens due to different epitopes on a cell surface. T-cell recognizes some …