The bacteriological incubator prominently cultivates a wide range of bacteria under controlled conditions. It has extensive use in research and medical laboratories. Bacteriological incubators provide an enclosed environment for the growth of bacteria. They work under the ideal temperature range of 35°C to 37°C. This post describes the bacteriological incubator’s meaning, principle, operation, and uses. …
Batch fermentation involves the fermentation of the substrate into products by microbial cells. This process occurs within a closed system. Unlike continuous culture, it requires the supply of limited nutrients into the fermentor. Fermentation utilizes a living microbial cell suspension. It produces various valuable products through fermentation of the raw material or substrate. In fermentation, …
The quadrant streaking method is one of the streaking methods extensively used to obtain a pure culture. It helps to isolate a single colony or single species from the mixed culture. Streaking involves various patterns like a quadrant, continuous and radiant. In the quadrant streaking method, a little inoculum is deposited on the first quadrant …
The WBC or leukocyte count method estimates white blood cells per microlitres of your blood. By enumerating the total number or concentration of leukocytes, you could determine the condition of your immune health. The average WBC count is between 4000 to 11000 cells/µL of blood. An increase in the concentration of leukocytes leads to a …
Chemical disinfectants either destroy, inactivate or inhibit the pathogenic growth. Disinfection eliminates various microbes, except for bacterial spores, using different chemical agents, heat or radiation. It disinfects the inanimate objects. Disinfection is classified into low-level, intermediate-level or high-level. Low-level disinfection is efficient in killing vegetative bacteria and lipid-containing viruses. Intermediate-level disinfection effectively kills bacteria, fungi …
The allosteric site of an enzyme is regulatory in function. Enzymes with allosteric or regulatory sites behave as the “Allosteric enzymes”. Such enzymes possess multiple binding sites for both substrates and effectors. Allosteric enzymes are regulated by the non-covalent or reversible binding of effectors or non-substrate molecules to the allosteric site. Thus, the allosteric site …
Bacterial transcription occurs in the cytoplasm. Transcription merely refers to the mechanism of mRNA synthesis complementary to the DNA template strand. The whole process is regulated enzymatically by the RNA polymerase holoenzyme. The study of transcription in prokaryotes is quite simple than the eukaryotic transcription. Besides RNA polymerase, prokaryotic transcription uses some protein factors that …
The difference between anabolism and catabolism is mainly characterized due to the difference in the types of substrates participating, types of products forming and the type of metabolic phase. Small monomers function as the substrate molecules in anabolism, whereas large and complex polymers serve as the substrate molecules in catabolism. Anabolic pathways typically form complex …
Lipid aggregates exist in varying forms starting from monolayer to structures like lamellar, tubular, cubic etc. The different structures or aggregates of lipids are known as phases. Largely, lipids are hydrophobic or water-insoluble. Lipids assemble into microscopic aggregates in the aqueous environment because of their amphipathic nature. They possess both hydrophilic (a polar head) and …
Fed-batch culture is a modified batch culture method or an intermediate of batch and continuous fermentation techniques. Like batch culture, products of the fed-batch culture are harvested in batches, i.e. after the batch time. However, the substrate is added periodically throughout the cultivation, like the continuous fermentation method. Although, the amount of substrate required to …