The electron transport system refers to the “Electron transport chain” or “ETS” (in abbreviated form) that is present in the inner mitochondrial membrane. ETS involves electron transfer through a series of protein complexes from higher (NADH+) to lower energy state (O2) by releasing protons into the cytosol. A movement of proton or H+ from a …
Clostridium botulinum is a clinically significant bacteria, which causes a sporadic but severe disease called “Botulism”. It produces a particular type of exotoxin that affects the nervous system by inhibiting the neuromuscular junction’s activity. Therefore, the botulinum toxin behaves as a neurotoxin, which blocks the release of a neurotransmitter (acetylcholine). Acetylcholine is a chemical compound …
Botulism disease is caused by a bacterial agent, Clostridium botulinum, that produces an exotoxin. Clostridium botulinum causes bacterial food poisoning or intoxication as it releases exotoxin. Exotoxin acts as a neurotoxin, which disables the normal functioning of the nervous system. Thus, an exotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum is called botulinum neurotoxin, which blocks the synthesis of the …
Acid-fast staining was originally pioneered by a scientist named Paul Ehrlich in the year 1882. Later, it was modified by Ziehl and Neelson in 1883. Thus, acid-fast staining is also called Ziehl Neelson staining. It is a type of differential staining method used to distinguish between the acid-fast and non-acid fast bacteria. Mycobacterium is an …
Photoreactivation repair is the DNA repair system, which corrects the damage (caused by UV-C and UV-B radiations) with the aid of photolyase enzyme under the exposure of visible light. The first evidence for the photoreactivation was given by the two scientists, namely Hausser and Von Oehmcke, in 1933. Hausser and Von Oehmcke reversed the darkened …
Excision repair is one of the types of DNA repair systems. It is an enzymatic process, which follows a cut, copy and paste mechanism. A cutting mechanism involves removing a damaged part or unusual bases by specific enzymes like glycosylases and helicases. Then, a copying mechanism uses DNA polymerase. DNAP-I uses the template DNA to …
The life cycle of adenovirus has different stages like attachment, internalization, uncoating, replication, biosynthesis, assembly and release of viral progenies. After lysing the host cell, they infect new cells and cause infections either for the short term or long term. Adenovirus mainly causes four kinds of infection like a productive, abortive, latent and oncogenic infection. …
Adenovirus is a type of DNA virus, which appears medium-sized, non-enveloped and double-stranded. Adenovirus named after its isolation from the human adenoid tissue. It was first introduced by a scientist named Rowe, who cultured and isolated adenovirus via plasma tissue culturing. This group of virus can infect human, animals and birds. Adenovirus can cause various …
A complement fixation test is a serological assay used to detect antibody or antigen in the patient’s serum by using a complement. A complement participates in the immunological reaction and particularly binds with the antibody. Without antibodies, a complement may lyse the erythrocytes. A complement fixation test is a very complex process, which requires five …
Spoilage of fish is a process of deterioration in the quality of fish, which changes its appearance, odour and taste. The breakdown of biomolecules like proteins, amino acids and fats in the fish are the factors responsible for fish spoilage. Thus, a fish can be spoiled by either chemical or biological degradation. In chemical degradation, …