Physical mutagenesis is a mutation in the cells, tissues and DNA of the organisms induced by physical mutagenic agents like radiation and heat. Thus, mutagenesis (muta: means changes and genesis: means origin or outset) is a phenomenon defined as the origination of any changes that can alter the gene sequence and structure, thereby causing mutation. …
The difference between pectoral and pelvic girdle is mainly due to the following factors like the type of bones contributing to the formation, association of bones and articulations. Collar bone (clavicle) and the shoulder blade (scapula) are the two types of bones contributing to shoulder muscle or pectoral girdle formation. Hip or coxal bones solely …
Human skin layers constitute the body’s outer covering that shields the internal cells, tissues, and organs against the changing environment, allergens, and pathogens. The human skin is the largest organ among the other components of the integumentary system. Besides its immunity role, skin regulates body temperature, synthesis of vitamin D, and sensation of touch, heat, …
Amitosis cell division is a form of direct cell multiplication where the nuclear and cytoplasmic contents of parent cell split between the two daughter cells via a simple cell constriction. It is a kind of growth and multiplication process that predominantly occurs in the acellular or unicellular organisms such as algae, bacteria, cyanobacteria, protozoans and …
The life cycle of Plasmodium species generally exist within two phases (asexual and sexual) or require two living hosts (vertebrates and mosquito). Plasmodium’s asexual phase begins within the female Anopheles mosquito’s stomach, while the sexual phase starts within the human beings’ hepatic cells. Thus, the life cycle of Plasmodium mainly involves two hosts, namely a …
The difference between plant and animal cytokinesis is mainly due to the following factors like: Mode of cytokinesis Cell abscission Both the plant and the animal cell divides their cytoplasmic contents equally between the two identical daughter cells but through different mechanisms. In a plant cell, the cytoplasmic division occurs via the fusion of phragmoplast …
Air sampling methods make the use of impaction, impingement and centrifugal collection principle to entrap the contaminants from the known volume of the air sample. The volume of collected air is first measured, and then it is expressed in the concentration against the volume of contaminated air, either in ppm (parts per million) or (mg/m3). …
Hot air oven sterilization is a process of decontamination carried out by an electrical device that utilizes dry heat to sterilize various type of equipment or articles kept inside its chamber. It is used for sterilizing objects that cannot be subjected to wet sterilization and objects that are less prone to dry heat. It was …
Integuments in plants are the maternal tissues or having a maternal origin, as they originate from the ovular tissue or chalazal tissue (a part of the female reproductive system of a flower). A term integument merely refers to the protective layer. In terms of botany, an integument is a layer encircling the ovule. After the …
Hanging drop method permits the examination of the living microorganisms, which involves fixation of microbial suspension into a drop of fluid over the glass slide. Therefore hanging drop method is the process, in which the microorganisms are suspended into a drop of fluid. It is a modified version of the wet mount technique. The shape, …