Transformation in bacteria was first studied by a scientist Frederick Griffith in 1928. According to Griffith, the DNA or gene transfer can occur either naturally or artificially from one type of bacteria to another. For example, Transformation of non-virulent strain to a virulent cell or vice versa. To explain the transformation principle, Griffith performed certain …
Microbial interaction is a biological interaction where the microorganisms’ effect on the other biotic components of the ecosystem can be studied. The study of microorganisms is termed microbiology, and the microbial interacting within the ecosystem comes under microbial ecology. Microbial interaction can be positive and negative, or the microbes may affect (positively or negatively) the …
Taxonomic categories can define as the hierarchical classification of the different individuals into a more specific sequence by categorizing them into seven categories starting from the origin to the organisms. The taxonomic category was first given by the scientist Carl Linnaeus in the 18th century. Linnaeus also developed a system called binomial nomenclature. Linnaean hierarchy, …
Arabinose operon is one of the regulatory systems found in the bacterial cell (E.coli), facilitating arabinose catalysis. L-arabinose operon and ARA-operon are the two alternative names of the arabinose operon. Ara-operon system provides energy to the cell by the breakdown of arabinose into xylulose 5-phosphate. Arabinose is a 5-C sugar or aldopentose that provides energy …
The microbial food spoilage is defined as the contamination of food by the growth and enzymatic activity of microorganisms. Food spoilage is the process, in which the quality of the food deteriorates to some extent that renders food unacceptable for human consumption. Food spoilage occurs due to the microbial attack, enzymatic digestion, chemical degradation, physical …
Isolation of bacteria is a primary method to separate different groups of microorganisms. It is the method that allows us to discriminate different groups of bacteria based on the growth pattern. Different bacteria grow differently on the different nutrient medium, depending on their growth requirements and other factors like temperature, pH, oxygen availability, etc. Isolation …
Mu phage is also called temperate or transposable phage because it causes transposition of the genes into the host cell, at the time of multiplication. It mainly attacks the members or species of enterobacteria family, and that’s why also known as “Enterobacterial phage Mu”. The transposition of Mu-phage occurs by either of the two mechanisms: …
Thymine and Uracil are the two nucleotide bases which are found in the DNA and RNA respectively. The main difference between thymine and uracil is due to the property of “Occurrence”. The occurrence of both thymine and uracil is the property that distinguishes these two, as thymine is a pyrimidine nitrogenous base found in deoxyribonucleic …
HIV stands for Human Immuno Deficiency Virus. It belongs to the group of Retrovirus, which consist of positive single-stranded RNA. HIV was first isolated from the patient’s lymph node by Montagnier and Barre Sinoussi who won Nobel prize in the year 2008. The symmetry of HIV is icosahedral. Human Immuno Deficiency virus is enveloped and diploid. …
AIDs stands for Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome. The causative agent of Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is HIV that stands for Human Immuno Deficiency Virus. AIDs is a severe and life-threatening disease that has no cure but could be controlled by proper vaccination and medication. ART (Anti-Retroviral Therapy) is the only control measure that uses a combination …